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Bridging and Finality: Ethereum

In this post, we explore the tradeoff between latency and reversion risk at the major stages in Ethereum’s current proof-of-stake consensus protocol.

Mar 03 _ 12 min read

Helping secure BNB Chain through responsible disclosure

We describe a vulnerability we discovered in the BNB Beacon Chain, the governance and staking layer of BNB Chain. The issue would have allowed an attacker to mint an infinite numbe...

Feb 10 _ 6 min read

Gaming Infrastructure Part 4: Communication Infra in an ARC World

Now that we understand the motivations behind building games on-chain, we can return to exploring ARC architecture, which we argue is the optimal approach to building on-chain game...

Jan 12 _ 7 min read

Gaming Infrastructure Part 3: Benefits of Building Games On-Chain

There has been warranted skepticism among both the gaming and crypto communities around the virtue of having any part of a game state stored on-chain, in the wake of the hyper-fina...

Jan 11 _ 4 min read

Gaming Infrastructure Part 2: Introduction to ARC

Over the next few articles, we will highlight some of the infrastructure that could enable fully on-chain games (FOC) and on-chain assets (OCA), along with rough designs of what ea...

Jan 09 _ 7 min read

Gaming Infrastructure Part 1: Defining On-chain Gaming

Gaming has long been touted as a potential core use case for crypto. Built around natively digital assets and serving global audiences, games are in many ways the perfect candidate...

Jan 06 _ 5 min read

Bridging and Finality: An Introduction

In an upcoming series, we’re going to dive into the guarantees that different chains make about finality and the block production/consensus mechanisms that produce those guarantees...

Dec 22 _ 19 min read

Statistical Attacks on Proof of Solvency

In theory, for Proof of Solvency to bind on crypto exchanges, only a handful of random checks are needed. But in practice, exchanges can predict which consumers are likely to check...

Dec 21 _ 15 min read

Improving Twiddle Access for Number Theoretic Transforms: The Beginnings

Number Theoretic Transforms (NTTs) play a critical role in the generation of ZKPs. Several notable ZK proof systems, including Plonky2 and other STARK-based proof system rely heavi...

Nov 29 _ 6 min read

SAFU: Creating a Standard for Whitehats

Whitehats and DeFi protocols need a shared understanding of security policy. We propose the SAFU - Simple Arrangement for Funding Upload - as a versatile and credible way to let wh...

Oct 24 _ 17 min read

Token Delegation with Lock-Ups

Token delegation contracts may want to use explicit lock-up periods, to give delegates more independence in making crypto governance decisions. We demonstrate using the Maker contr...

Oct 17 _ 9 min read

So you still want to use a price oracle

To provide accurate and timely data, price oracles should align incentives with data publishers, i.e. make them "stake" collateral, reputation, and trading capital.

Aug 30 _ 14 min read

Paradigms for On-Chain Credit

Since the massive explosion of DeFi activity and innovation in mid-2020, decentralized lending has become a core pillar of the emerging on-chain financial system.

Aug 22 _ 23 min read

Whitehats and Dropboxes

Protocols should set up "dropboxes" (distinct on-chain addresses) for whitehats to move funds into, from the protocol — and they should promise rewards and favorable treatment for ...

Aug 12 _ 8 min read

Token Design for Serious People

Tokenomics should: (i) provide common goods that couldn't be provided individually, and (ii) reward those who create value rather than extract or transfer value. This piece uses th...

Jul 07 _ 17 min read

DERPs: Decentralized Reinsurance Pools

We introduce decentralized reinsurance pools (DERPs) to enhance the crypto insurance landscape. DERPs are pools of capital that underwrite retail-facing insurance pools and are man...

Jun 21 _ 6 min read

The Depegging of UST

The UST depegging was triggered by a sequence of trades on Curve on May 7. Anchor outflows from May 7 until May 9 — especially from a small set of large traders — put further press...

Jun 03 _ 18 min read

Flavors of Standalone Multichain Architecture

Overview Scalability has long been a widely discussed topic in the space, with conversations around monolithic vs. modular blockchains and horizontal vs. vertical scaling having...

May 23 _ 21 min read

New Markets, Efficient Markets

The market for new tokens looks surprisingly efficient, in that returns (against Bitcoin) are neither systematic nor predictable.

Apr 27 _ 13 min read

SLOB: Searcher Limit Order Book

tl;dr: we explore a theoretical Ethereum CLOB DEX protocol that leverages Flashbots to enable traders to place orders that live off-chain and pay no gas fees unless the order trade...

Apr 20 _ 8 min read

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The information on this website and on the Brick by Brick podcast or Ship Show Twitter spaces is provided for informational, educational, and entertainment purposes only. This information is not intended to be and does not constitute financial advice, investment advice, trading advice, or any other type of advice. You should not make any decision – financial, investment, trading or otherwise – based on any of the information presented here without undertaking your own due diligence and consulting with a financial adviser. Trading, including that of digital assets or cryptocurrency, has potential rewards as well as potential risks involved. Trading may not be suitable for all individuals. Recordings of podcast episodes or Twitter spaces events may be used in the future.